Books and Writing Were Uncommon

There simply is no evidence that highland Maya had copious glyphic ‘texts’. Editors and scholars of Popol Vuh frequently write and speak of “hieroglyphic books” among the Maya. The idea of Amerindian books and the prevalence of the same among the Maya derives from the memoire of Fray Diego de Landa who, recalling a solitary 1562 event, writes:

Usavan tambien esta gente de ciertos carateres o letras con las quales escrivian en sus libros sus cosas antiguas, y sus sciencias, y con ellas, y figuras, y algunas señales en las figuras entendian sus cosas, y las davan a entender y enseñavan. Hallamosles grande numero de libros destas sus letras, y porque no tenian cosa en que no uviesse supersticion y falsedades del demonio se les quemamos todos, lo qual a maravilla sentian, y les dava pena.

Apart from this account, there simply are no other known descriptions of abundant literacy or literary texts among the Maya. In fact, Mesoamerican epistemology entrusted knowledge to living, human vessels, rather than inanimate records. Amerindians were primarily oral, which Walter Mignolo has addressed in the case of Jesuit priest Joan de Tovar:

Pero es de advertir que aunque tenian diversas figuras y caracteres con que escrebian las cosas, no era tan suficientemente como nuestra escritura, que sin discrepar, por las mismas palabras, refiriese cada uno lo que estaba escrito: sólo concordaban en los conceptos; pero para tener memoria entera de las palabras y traza de los parlamentos que hacian los oradores, y de los muchos cantares que tenian, que todos sabian sin discrepar palabra, los cuales componian los mismos oradores, aunque los figuraban con sus caracteres, pero para conservarlos por las mismas palabras que los dijeron sus oradores y poetas, habia cada dia ejercicio dello en los colegios de los mozos principales que habian de ser sucesores á estos, y con la continua repeticion se les quedaba en la memoria, sin discrepar palabra, tomando las oraciones más famosas que en cada tiempo se hacian, por método, para imponer á los mozos que habian de ser retóricos; y de esta manera se conservaron muchos parlamentos, sin discrepar palabra, de gente en gente, hasta que vinieron los españoles, que en nuestra letra escribieron muchas oraciones y cantares que yo vi, y así se han conservado. Y con esto queda respondido á la última pregunta de “cómo era posible tener esta memoria de las palabras,” etc.

Francisco Ximénez himself describes a resonant dynamic among his highland Maya in his Escolios a las historias:

Diçe [el preámbulo] q’ lo escrive en tiempo de la cristiandad, y porq’ aunq’ avia libro en q’ todas estas cosas estaban escritas, y q’ vino de la otra parte de el mar, y q’ oy no se puede leer. lo çierto es q’ tal libro no pareçio nunca, ni se ha visto. y asi no se sabe si este modo de escrivir, era por pinturas, como los mexicanos, o, por hilos, como los peruleros · puedese creer q’ era por pinturas en mantas blancas, texidas figuras q’ denotaban las cosas […] y asi es factible conservasen en las memorias, y antiguallas.

It is probable that de Landa’s account achieved entrenchment for two reasons. First, Diego de Landa rose to the level of archbishop which empowered him to advance his preferred historical account. Second, Brasseur de Bourbourg was the first to edit de Landa’s memoire and Brasseur used this meager paragraph to promote his own ethno/anthro agenda. At the time of Brasseur’s endeavors the twentieth-century work of linguistic anthropology had not established how little de Landa understood of Maya glyphs. As a consequence, the contents of those supposed texts would have been unknowable to him.

While de Landa (a Franciscan) operated in the Yucatán, Ximénez (a Dominican) operated in the highlands. But even if Diego de Landa’s account were accepted as true on his face, it is an unsustainable generalization to presuppose that the same is necessarily true of the highland Maya as there were were substantial differences between the the highland civilization and the lowland civilizations. In any event, the Maya did not have bound texts but rather fan-fold “tablets” of bleached amate pulp. Ximénez does mention finding crude almanac tables among his highland Maya, but an almanac is not narrative literature. So the idea of “book” as a physical object and repository of history is uniquely transatlantic.

REFERENCES

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Étienne. Relation des choses de Yucatan de Diego de Landa. Texte espagnol et traduction française en regard comprenant les signes du calendrier et de l’alphabet hiéroglyphique de la langue maya accompagné de documents divers historiques et chronologiques, avec un grammaire et un vocabulaire abrégés français-maya précédés d’un Essai sur les sources de l’histoire primitive du Mexique et de l’Amérique centrale, Etc. Ed. Arthus Bertrand. London: Trübner and Co, 1864. 316. Print.

Icazbalceta, Joaquín García. Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga Primer Obispo y Arzobispo de México […] con un apéndice de documentos inéditos ó raros. Mexico: Antigua Librería de Andrade y Morales, 1881. 263-65.

Mignolo, Walter. “When Speaking Was Not Good Enough: Illiterates, Barbarians, Savages, and Cannibals.” Amerindian Images and the Legacy of Columbus. Ed. René Jara and Nicholas Spadaccini. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1992. 317-23. Print.

Woodruff, John. “Ma(r)king Popol Vuh.” Untying Tongues: Literatures in Minority or Minoritized Languages in Spain and Latin America. Spec. issue of Romance Notes. 51.1 (2011): 97-106. Print.

Ximénez, Francisco. Ayer ms 1515.

One Reply to “Books and Writing Were Uncommon”

  1. There is a striking parallel between De Landa’s description of events and events described in New Testament writings:

      18many also of those who did believe were coming, confessing and declaring their acts, 19and many of those who had practised the curious arts, having brought the books together, were burning them before all; and they reckoned together the prices of them, and found it five myriads of silverlings; 20so powerfully was the word of God increasing and prevailing. (Acts 19 YLT)

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